Which of the following is NOT a means of involuntary alienation?

Involuntary alienation refers to the transfer of property ownership without the owner’s consent. This can occur through various legal processes or circumstances, such as escheat, eminent domain, and foreclosure.

Escheat happens when the state takes ownership of property because there are no heirs or claims to the estate. Eminent domain is the government’s right to take private property for public use, provided they compensate the owner. Foreclosure is a legal process through which a lender takes possession of a property due to the owner's failure to meet mortgage obligations.

In contrast, voluntary transfer refers to situations where the owner chooses to give up their property rights, usually through actions such as selling or gifting the property. This is a deliberate action taken by the owner, making it fundamentally different from the other processes that fall under involuntary alienation. Understanding this distinction helps clarify the nature of property transfers in real estate transactions.